Psychiatric Care · Depression & Treatment-Resistant Depression

Depression & Treatment-Resistant Depression

Published: August 1, 2026 Reviewed by: Dr. Alejandro Alva, MD

Depression is more than persistent sadness. It’s a medical condition that affects how you think, feel, sleep, and function. It’s also one of the most treatable conditions in psychiatry.

PNS treats both depression and treatment-resistant depression, with a clear pathway from psychiatric evaluation and medication management to advanced interventional options such as TMS Therapy, intranasal esketamine (Spravato®), and IV ketamine when clinically appropriate.

Psychiatric Care · Depression & Treatment-Resistant Depression

Depression & Treatment-Resistant Depression

What is
depression?

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a medical condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that once brought pleasure. It affects approximately 21 million adults in the United States each year, making it one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing Depression

Depression can look different from person to person.
Common signs include:

Persistent sad, empty, or hopeless mood lasting most of the day, nearly every day

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed (anhedonia)

Significant changes in appetite or weight (increase or decrease)

Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much

Experiencing consistent fatigue and low energy

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

Difficulty concentrating, thinking clearly, or making decisions

Psychomotor slowing (moving or speaking more slowly than usual) or agitation

Treatment-Resistant Depression

Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) is defined as depression that has not responded adequately to at least two antidepressant trials of adequate dose and duration.

Estimates suggest that up to one-third of MDD patients meet criteria for TRD, meaning a large proportion of people with depression need more than a standard prescription to feel better. PNS specializes in both.

  • Depression that has not fully responded after 2 or more adequate antidepressant trials.
  • Partial response to medication. Some improvement but persistent, disabling symptoms.
  • History of multiple medication changes without lasting relief.
  • Depression that returns quickly after discontinuing medication.

For these patients, PNS may recommend evaluation for interventional treatments such as TMS Therapy or ketamine-based treatment, depending on diagnosis, treatment history, medical factors, and insurance requirements.

When to seek help

If depressive symptoms have persisted for two weeks or more and are interfering with your ability to work, maintain relationships, or care for yourself, a psychiatric evaluation is the right first step.

For patients already in treatment who aren’t experiencing meaningful improvement, PNS offers a clear path to advanced interventional options, such as TMS and ketamine treatments. You don’t have to keep trying the same approaches.

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How PNS Treats It

Depression treatment at PNS

PNS takes a comprehensive, individualized approach. Your provider will conduct a full psychiatric evaluation, review your treatment history, and build a plan tailored to your situation — including advanced options when standard treatments haven’t worked.

Medication Management

For many patients, medication management is an important first-line approach to treating depression. PNS providers can evaluate symptoms, review past medications, adjust treatment when needed, and monitor progress over time.

Medication Management

For many patients, medication management is an important first-line approach to treating depression. PNS providers can evaluate symptoms, review past medications, adjust treatment when needed, and monitor progress over time.

Medication Management

For many patients, medication management is an important first-line approach to treating depression. PNS providers can evaluate symptoms, review past medications, adjust treatment when needed, and monitor progress over time.

Medication Management

For many patients, medication management is an important first-line approach to treating depression. PNS providers can evaluate symptoms, review past medications, adjust treatment when needed, and monitor progress over time.

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FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions

Clinical depression is a medical diagnosis characterized by symptoms that persist for at least two weeks and meaningfully impair daily functioning. Sadness is a normal emotional response to life events that typically resolves on its own. A psychiatric evaluation can help distinguish between the two.

Ketamine-class treatments, including IV ketamine and intranasal esketamine (Spravato®), are notable for rapid onset. Many patients report improvement in depressive symptoms within 24 hours of the first treatment, compared to the 4–6 week onset of most oral antidepressants.

Yes. TMS Therapy is a non-drug treatment with strong evidence for MDD. Psychotherapy, particularly CBT, is also effective, especially for mild to moderate depression. Many patients use a combination of approaches. PNS will work with you to find what fits.

Many insurance plans provide coverage for qualifying patients. Coverage requirements vary and may require prior authorization or documentation of previous treatment attempts.

No. Many patients do not know whether their depression is considered treatment-resistant before they speak with a provider. PNS can review your symptoms, treatment history, and goals to help determine the right next step.

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